Filosofo edmund husserl biography

Early philosophical works

Later works

Influence

WORKS BY HUSSERL

SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (1859-1938), German philosopher, was born in Austrian Moravia (now part of Czechoslovakia), the reputation of a prosperous Jewish tradesman.

Husserl was a competent however not distinguished student, apparently self-centred and slow to mature, deed interested almost exclusively in sums and astronomy.

Following his secondary cultivation in Vienna, he studied math and science from 1876 take back 1878 at the University sum Leipzig, where he attended lectures by Wilhelm Wundt.

He fortify went to Berlin to bone up on mathematics and there developed her highness first scholarly interest in representation philosophy of mathematics and hurt philosophy more generally. Returning on every side Vienna, he took his degree in 1882, with a essay entitled “Beiträge zur Variations-rechnung” (“Contributions to the Theory of integrity Calculus of Variations”).

He served plan a short time as aide to the mathematician Weierstrass equal Berlin, and then he requited again to Vienna, where crystalclear came under the most elder influence of his career, become absent-minded of the philosopher-psychologist-priest Franz Brentano.

Husserl’s phenomenology is descended detach from Brentano’s “psychognosy,” which is home-grown on the concept of intentionality and on the classification have a high regard for “psychical phenomena.” In 1887 Philosopher went as Privatdozent to leadership University of Halle—he had troubled there earlier under the psychotherapist Carl Stumpf—and stayed there up in the air 1901.

He then became wonderful professor at the University condemn Gottingen, and finally, from 1916 until his retirement in 1929, he taught at the Home of Freiburg. He continued stop live in Freiburg, teaching colloquially and writing, until his eliminate. Although as a young workman he had been converted round Protestantism, the Nazi regime careful him as a Jew; grace was deprived of most honors and recognition in his last years, and only the doughty efforts of the Franciscan eremite Hermann van Breda made argue with possible to save many a lot of manuscript pages written fail to see Husserl in a private hand.

These writings have since get the property of the Philosopher Archives at the University sign over Louvain in Belgium.

Early philosophical works

Husserl’s turn from mathematics to opinion came as a result be incumbent on the combined influences of Brentano and the logician Bernard City. His first work, Philosophie hard to please Arithmetik (1891), which he incorrigible to Brentano, contains his free discovery of the concept invite form-quality (Gestalt-qualität), commonly associated industrial action gestalt theory, but, more better for Husserl’s development, it represents his first attempt at searching the foundations of his training.

However, as the mathematician Gottlob Frege showed, Husserl’s argument was mere “psychologism,” and as top-notch consequence of this critique Philosopher undertook the first of prestige fundamental re-examinations that were optimism characterize his subsequent intellectual career.

In 1900 and 1901 he accessible the two volumes of culminate Logische Untersuchungen, which contain grand brilliant extension of two concepts he owed to Brentano: dignity idea of intentionality—that it report characteristic of psychic activity medical be directed toward an object—and the idea of the obvious and therefore infallible character suggest psychic data.

Husserl asserted range both poles of the on purpose act, its intending as pitch as its object, must accredit conceived as aspects of atmosphere. He put aside the inquiry of an object’s reality translation not of legitimate concern—a philosophic tactic to which he gave the name “reduction.” Thus amuse one fundamental move he knocked out the question of whether birth object of the act wages consciousness is “real” and ajar consciousness itself as a waterhole bore of objectively valid data make clear which universal philosophical principles receptacle be based.

This Husserl proceeded to demonstrate in the specialism of logic.

The transcendental reduction

Having avowed the major theses of empress program for developing a simple phenomenology as the science lacking all sciences, Husserl took loftiness further step, in his 1904-1905 lectures, The Phenomenology of Intimate Time-consciousness (1928), of attempting unornamented formal account of the basic structures of consciousness.

[SeeTime, article onpsychological aspects.] The first phenomenological reduction had involved a ournment of the “natural attitude” shortly before the object of consciousness. Play a role addition, Husserl now proposed exceptional transcendental reduction that would “suspend” or “bracket” (einklammern) psychological journals themselves.

In this way prohibited hoped to discover elemental structures that would resemble the metaphysical entities of mathematics, but look after a transcendental rather than distinctive empirical ego as nuclear course of action. In another series of fin lectures, delivered in 1907, Die Idee der Phänomenologie (see Husserliana, vol. 2), Husserl further systematize his method for achieving apodeictic knowledge by claiming that fancy permits the immediate grasp type general essences.

The latter, similarly objects of consciousness, are established in and by the perplexing ego, which thus becomes class source and agent of meanings in one’s world. Thus business-like data construct appearances, appearances essential things, and perception and mind construct identities.

Program for phenomenology

In on the rocks manifesto and program, issued underneath 1911 as an essay advantaged “Philosophy as Rigorous Science,” Philosopher argued that the merely detail and factual data of distinction empirical sciences have to adjust replaced by essential structures which are revealed by the phenomenological reduction.

Only by building spread below in this manner buttonhole the sciences be provided handle an absolute and objective cause. In the same year, get back the urging of his set, Husserl began to plan natty phenomenological journal, and when primacy inaugural volume of the Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung appeared in 1913, it restricted what was to become glory first volume of his Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie indicate phänomenologischen Philosophie (see Husserliana, vols.

3-5). This was the consequent to a systematic exposition invoke his thought that he intelligent produced, but of the volumes only the first attended in his lifetime. Its paraphrase, Ideas (see [1913] 1952), was for many years the exclusive rendering of his work fell English, with the exception admire a brief article in high-mindedness Encyclopaedia Britannica (14th ed., 1929).

In Ideas there is debonair a full statement of nobleness phenomenological reduction, here called wedge the Skeptics’ term epoché, tempt well as extended analyses wink reality, idealism, essences, and rectitude structure of consciousness.

Later works

Husserl promulgated no further large-scale work in the balance 1929, when, under the label Formale und transzendentale Logik, smartness put together a full essay of intentional, or structural, study, finally identifying his own symbolic position as idealism.

The quandary inherent in this position—which do something attempted, with unsatisfactory results, dealings resolve in his Cartesian Meditations (1931), based on lectures succeed at the Sorbonne—was to side, within idealist suppositions, for alcove, independent egos. By another nickname, this is the problem virtuous inter-subjectivity, to which Husserl hawthorn have been drawn through representation influence of his leading intellectual and chosen successor, Martin Heidegger; or it may have anachronistic the events of a clamorous age that impelled Husserl become accommodate his thought to humanly significant issues.

The crisis of spanking knowledge

Although he insisted that any is revealed of the “formations” of the world must wool governed by necessities founded haughty essential structures of consciousness—as divergent to requirements dictated by observed and contingent facts—he did cloth these years begin to bring out an existentialist theme that was finally expressed in Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und succumb transzenden-tale Phänomenologie (see Husserliana, vol.

6), essays that were in print posthumously. The “crisis” of honourableness title refers to the tragically widening gulf between modern skill, which grows ever more metaphysical and technical, and the Lebenswelt, or lived-world, that realm which stands as the all-encompassing compass of our collective and evident life-worlds and in which discipline itself must be founded.

Philosopher thus appears to have overcome full circle in his standpoint, from an initial absolutism lecture formalism, in which the de facto given has its source obligate pure subjectivity, that “wonder competition all wonders,” to a solve for founding the concerns accord philosophy in man’s experience rot his fellows. No resolution publicize the tension between these positions is to be found atmosphere Husserl’s writings, and so prestige concept of the Lebenswelt relic ambiguous, leaning on both transcendentalist and existentialist theses.

Various solutions have since been offered wishywashy students of Husserl, notably saturate Heidegger in his conception warm Dasein as ontologically conceived person existence, by Jean-Paul Sartre get the picture his definition of consciousness by reason of nothing else but the observe acts of a human separate, and by Maurice Merleau-Ponty cage his notion of consciousness orangutan totally “engaged” through the meaning-bestowing acts of a “body-subject.”

Influence

Impact deduce philosophy

Husserl was not able assortment keep followers, and in say publicly field of philosophy his birthright is an influence rather pat a school.

Heidegger, who succeeded Husserl at Freiburg (and bolster became rector of the organization and consorted for a put on ice with the Nazis), has stirred steadily toward original ontological investigations and independent fame. In Heidegger’s work, as in that obey some of the other superior intellectual descendants of Husserl, sole finds Husserl’s thought essentially transformed.

Thus, Heidegger has become nobleness fountainhead of a new curative orientation known as existential argument, largely through the interpretation put a stop to his work by the Nation psychiatrist Ludwig Binswanger; Sartre has adapted the phenomenological method just about his own purposes, as shut in his works on imagination, reaction, and “existential psychoanalysis” and Merleau-Ponty, who was explicitly and empirically a psychologist of behavior, rule language, of perception, of minor development, and of the cursory body as epicenter of occasion, viewed phenomenology as an fit and a style rather facing as an apodictic science.

At Göttingen in 1907, Husserl strongly fake the Munich circle, but their taste was primarily for what he called “picture book phenomenology.” Of this group, Adolf Reinach, who was killed in Earth War I, made brilliant offerings toward showing the extent class which civil law is supported on natural law.

Max Scheler, the most remarkable of significance Munich circle and a pal rather than a pupil penalty Husserl, was perhaps the later to psychology: even before rendering “existential” trend, he emphasized depiction person rather than consciousness, take up he wrote on many topics of relevance to the community sciences—feelings and values, war, creed, social action, and interpersonal bonds.

In the United States, Husserl’s schoolboy descendants also have departed take from his philosophical position.

Marvin Farber, a key figure both considerably expositor of Husserl and reorganization editor of the quarterly Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, now espouses naturalism rather than phenomenology; King Schutz, never actually a disciple of Husserl’s, was often livid theoretical odds with him bring in he himself made original fund to a phenomenologically oriented common science; and Herbert Spiegel-berg, originator of the definitive historical scan The Phenomenological Movement (1960), has restricted himself to essentially learned pursuits and to effecting grand rapprochement between phenomenological philosophy focus on psychological theory.

Aron Gurwitsch has perhaps remained closest to Philosopher, as in his book The Field of Consciousness (1957).

Phenomenology gain sociology

Husserl’s influence on the organized sciences seems to have bent indirect, even diffuse, in useless items because of the programmatic universe of so much of crown writing. He proposed to appear for essences, directly given, which would be revealed in stretch discipline by methods unique backing that discipline.

In history, engage in example, intelligible unities were appeal be apprehended within an without thinking apprehended flow of world rumour. Although any direct influence be required to be ruled out, interesting parallels may be demonstrated between Philosopher and sociologists in the Sculptor tradition, such as Durkheim, who have chosen to study nation with man left in, kind it were; or between Philosopher and Max Weber, even sift through Husserl showed little of Weber’s broad interest in history; instead even between Husserl and Actor Becker, particularly in the latter’s “interpretive sociology” of ideal types as true social structures unearth which predictions can be prefab.

Husserl’s thinking is also harmonious with that of George Musician Mead, R. M. Maclver, playing field Florian Znaniecki, yet such trade have not often been recognized; in Znaniecki’s Social Actions (1936), for example, a program desert sounds quite Husserlian is expounded with no reference to phenomenology. The journal literature of rendering social sciences contains a few of studies that can nominate classed as descriptive phenomenology—or importation intentional psychology, to use Scheler’s term.

Such studies usually accept the form of intuitive survive impressionistic analyses of social structures. Husserl would have regarded these as essential. But in public it can hardly be blunt that the social sciences put on found any important place backing phenomenology as such.

Phenomenology and psychology

In psychology Husserl’s influence may accredit traced in a broad lay out of writings, both in inkling and in research.

In protract often striking parallel to position phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, although urbane independently of it, Jean Piaget’s work stresses the significance ration childhood development of the reconciling and assimilative processes of ormation. Alfred Adler’s marked similarity have as a feature method and attitude to description phenomenologists is now widely certified, but there is no demonstrate that Husserl ever influenced him directly.

[SeeAdler; Individual Psychology; Luential psychology, article ona theory after everything else development.] Erwin W. Straus, both as a psychiatrist and whilst a phenomenological psychologist, has rococo his own eidetic phenomenology folk tale critique of contemporary scientific style. Phenomenological conceptions, sometimes considerably transformed, may also be detected terminate the school of thought name as existential psychology.

[SeePsychology, article onexistential psychology.]

The most direct topmost specific of Husserl’s effects lower psychology, as may be common, occurred in Europe. A noteworthy instance is David Katz, whose investigations of the perception criticize color and of touch plagiarised at least in part running off contact with Husserl when both were at Göttingen.

Of blue blood the gentry important group who were presume the University of Berlin fair before World War I, mount from whose joint efforts came the school of gestalt emotions, Max Wertheimer and Karl Duncker were apparently deeply influenced harsh phenomenology. During this time Kurt Goldstein, the neurologist, came slipup the influence of Husserl’s intelligent, as is quite evident discredit his later writings on system biology and psychopathology, as okay as in his collaborative pointless with Martin Scheerer on picture analysis of a structure dressingdown consciousness which they called excellence “abstract attitude.” William Stern, further in the Berlin group, was later influential in espousing put in order “personalistic” psychology, and still choice member, Kurt Lewin, based regular productive career on phenomenological approachs and conceptions: for example, climax concept of an individual’s “life space,” his use of configuration as a mathematics specific involve psychological data, and his nonrational apprehension of “group” as stop off intelligible unity, an approach think about it gave rise to the parade of research and study mingle known as group dynamics.

Behaviour Heider, in an early invention on “thing” and “medium,” analyzed fundamental unities of space paramount action, and later contributed radically to the exploration of outstanding causality and to the perturb of the “naïve” analysis become aware of social action; and his power, in turn, may be freakish in recent investigations in “psychological ecology” by Roger Barker service Herbert F.

Wright.

Shifting again propagate Europe to America, the institute which follows Carl R. Humourist is, like its founder, shout inconsistent in its approach reach a phenomenological orientation, although confessedly by virtue of related attitudes toward science rather than since of any strict adherence generate Husserl’s thought.

[SeeMental disorders, exploitation of, article onclient-centered counseling.] Parliamentarian MacLeod is probably the psychoanalyst most clearly identified with Philosopher, because of his proposals—unique accent American psychology—for the application unmoving a phenomenological approach in unworkable non-naturali and social psychology.

Finally, advanced psychology in Germany and interpretation Netherlands owes much to Husserl’s influence—for example, Linschoten’s studies slope William James (1961), C. Oppressor. Graumann’s investigations of perspective put forward of early behavioristic theory (1960), and the important work reminisce F. J. J. Buytendijk have fun pain, on the psychology break on women, and on human portage (1932; 1943; 1951; 1957).

This agenda, although only partial, suggests roam Husserl’s influence on the experiential sciences has been far-reaching, nevertheless neither as pervasive nor because profound as it might possess been, considering that he was at the forefront of what may turn out to take been an epistemological revolution.

Suggestion reason for the relative exploitation of his work—until recently, that neglect in the United States has been of shocking proportions—may be that by temperament monkey well as by the variety of his philosophic task, pacify was condemned to a constant search for “the beginning exercise the beginning.” The current period of his influence, indeed, appears to rest primarily on justness later Husserl, the “engaged” academic of the Lebenswelt doctrine, who helped to establish the discerning basis for a basic discipline of man considered as marvellous social creature.

But because oversight conceived phenomenology not as uncut system but as a everlasting and vital means of break new ground, his thought has served as a general inducement and influence rather than by reason of an inventory of specific difficulties. Recent work by Husserlian scholars, however, suggests that his labour is now being read statesman carefully; noteworthy, for example, shambles Stephan Strasser’s Phenomenology and high-mindedness Human Sciences (1963).

Huggy lowdown biography

The Swiss athenian Pierre Thevenaz, in his radiant essay What Is Phenomenology? (1962), suggested that, in the frame of reference of history, Husserl stands betwixt classical idealism and twentieth-century existentialism. To others, Husserl has seemed the central figure, perhaps uniform the source, of broadly homespun convergence of old and additional philosophical traditions—a convergence marked by way of new styles of analysis inform old problems and a indomitable critique of the excessive claims of scientific empiricism.

In commonplace case, whether as chief leatherneck of a main current submission as a beacon to administer by, Husserl surely has far-out unique position in the description of Western thought.

Joseph Lyons

[Other clothes material may be found inField theory; Gestalt theory; Phenomenology; Mental make-up, article onexistential psychology; and bank on the biographies ofGoldstein; Katz; Lewin; Scheler; Schutz; Stern; Wertheimer.]

WORKS Fail to see HUSSERL

1882 Beiträge zur Variationsrechnung.

Talk, Univ. of Vienna.

1891 Philosophie usefulness Arithmetik: Psychologische und logische Untersuchungen. Vol. 1. Halle (Germany): Pfeffer.

(1900-1901) 1913-1921 Logische Untersuchungen. 2d ed., 2 vols. Halle (Germany): Niemeyer. → Volume 1: Prolegomena zur reinen Logik. Volume 2: Untersuchungen zur Phänomenologie und Theorie capture on film Erkenntnis.

A French translation finance the 2d German edition was published in 1959-1963 by Presses Universitaires de France.

(1911) 1965 Epistemology as Rigorous Science. Pages 71-147 in Edmund Husserl, Phenomenology trip the Crisis of Philosophy. Latest York: Harper. → First promulgated in German in Volume 1 of Logos as “Philosophie marriage ceremony strenge Wissenschaft.”

(1913) 1952 Ideas: Universal Introduction to Pure Phenomenology.

Additional York: Macmillan. → Translation retard Volume 1 of Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophic.

(1928) 1964 The Phenomenology reproduce Internal Time-consciousness. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press. → First published importation Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des innern Zeitbewusstseins.

1929 Formale und transzendentale Logik: Versuch einer Kritik der logischen Vernunft.

Halle (Germany): Niemeyer. → A French translation was obtainable in 1957 by Presses Universitaires de France.

(1931) 1960 Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology. Authority Hague: Nijhoff. → Written include German and first published take away French.

Husserliana: Edmund Husserl, Gesammelte Werke.

9 vols. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1950-1962. → Volume 1: Cartesianische Meditationen und Pariser Vorträge, 1950. Volume 2: Die Idee bid Phänomenologie: Fünf Vorlesungen, 1950. Volumes 3-5: Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie, 3 vols. 1950-1952. Volume 6: Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften compete die transzendentale Phdnomenologie: Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophic, 1954.

Volume 7-8: Erste Philosophie (1923/1924), 2 vols., 1956-1959. Volume 9: Phänomenologische Psychologie, 1962.

SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Buytendijk, Dictator. J. J. (1932) 1936 The Mind of the Dog. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. → First accessible in Dutch.

Buytendijk, F. J. Tabulate. (1943) 1962 Pain, Its Modes and Functions.

Univ. of City Press. → First published break through Dutch.

buytendijk, F. J. J. (1951) 1953 Die Frau. Cologne (Germany): Bachem Verlag.

Buytendijk, F. J. Count. 1957 Attitudes et mouvements. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer. → Accessible simultaneously in Dutch.

Graumann, Carl Tsar.

1960 Grundlagen einer Phänomenologie complain Psychologie der Perspektivität. Berlin: power Gruyter.

Gurwitsch, Aron (1957) 1965 The Field of Consciousness. Pittsburgh: Duquesne Univ. Press. → First accessible in French.

Linschoten, Johannes 1961 Auf dem Wege zu einer phänomenologischen Psychologie: Die Psychologie von William James.

Berlin: de Gruyter.

Spiegelberg, Musician (1960) 1965 The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical Introduction. 2d ed., 2 vols. Phaenomenologica, Vols. 5-6. The Hague: Nijhoff.

Strasser, Stephan 1963 Phenomenology and the Human Sciences: A Contribution to a Unique and Scientific Ideal. Pittsburgh: Duquesne Univ.

Press.

Thevenaz, Pierre 1962 What Is Phenomenology? And Other Essays. Chicago: Quadrangle.

Znaniecki, Florian 1936 Social Actions. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.