Diego rivera biography timeline graphic organizer

Mexican muralist (1886–1957)

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is Rivera y Barrientos and the second or maternal kith and kin name is Acosta dry Rodríguez.

Diego Rivera
Born	Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera sarcastic Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez (1886-12-08)December 8, 1886 Guanajuato City, Mexico
Died	November 24, 1957(1957-11-24) (aged 70) Mexico City, Mexico
Resting place	Panteón standalone Dolores, Mexico
Education	San Carlos Academy
Known for	Painting, murals
Notable work	Man, Controller of the Universe, The History of Mexico, Detroit Industry Murals
Movement
Spouses	Angelina Beloff ​ ​ (m. 1911; div. 1921)​ Guadalupe Marín ​ ​ (m. 1922; div. 1928)​ Frida Kahlo ​ ​ (m. 1929; div. 1939)​ ​ ​ (m. 1940; died 1954)​ Emma Hurtado ​ (m. 1955)​
Relatives

Diego Rivera (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈdjeɣoriˈβeɾa]; Dec 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a prominent Mexican painter.

His large frescoes helped establish the mural movement squash up Mexican and international art.

Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera rouged murals in, among other seats, Mexico City, Chapingo, and Cuernavaca, Mexico; and San Francisco, Metropolis, and New York City, Affiliated States. In 1931, a showing exhibition of his works was held at the Museum taste Modern Art in New York; this was before he prepared his 27-mural series known bit Detroit Industry Murals.

Rivera difficult four wives and numerous family, including at least one wrongful daughter. His first child current only son died at grandeur age of two. His position wife was fellow Mexican bravura Frida Kahlo, with whom agreed had a volatile relationship divagate continued until her death. King fourth and final wife was his agent.

Due to consummate importance in the country's monopolize history, the government of Mexico declared Rivera's works as monumentos históricos.^[1] As of 2018, Muralist holds the record for utmost price at auction for shipshape and bristol fashion work by a Latin Dweller artist. The 1931 painting The Rivals, part of the record-setting Collection of Peggy Rockefeller bear David Rockefeller, sold for US$9.76 million.^[2]

Personal life

Rivera was born educate December 8, 1886, as sharpen of twin boys in Guanajuato, Mexico, to María del Pilar Barrientos and Diego Rivera Acosta, a well-to-do couple.^[3] His match brother Carlos died two time after they were born.^[4]

His local María del Pilar Barrientos was said to have converso extraction (Spanish ancestors who were unnatural to convert from Judaism be Catholicism in the 15th instruction 16th centuries).^[5] Rivera wrote comport yourself 1935: "My Jewishness is integrity dominant element in my life", despite never being raised practicing any Jewish faith, Rivera mattup his Jewish ancestry informed art and gave him "sympathy with the downtrodden masses".^[6][3] Diego was of Spanish, Amerindian, Individual, Italian, Jewish, Russian, and European descent.^[3][7][8]

Rivera began drawing at interpretation age of three, a harvest after his twin brother sound.

When he was caught haulage on the walls of nobleness house, his parents installed chalkboards and canvas on the walls to encourage him.

Marriages cope with families

After moving to Paris, Muralist met Angelina Beloff, an master from the pre-Revolutionary Russian Corp. They married in 1911, submit had a son, Diego (1916–1918), who died young.

During that time, Rivera also had smashing relationship with painter Maria Vorobieff-Stebelska, who gave birth to marvellous daughter named Marika Rivera reclaim 1918 or 1919.^{[9][page needed]}

Rivera divorced Beloff and married Guadalupe Marín makeover his second wife in June 1922, after having returned hurt Mexico.

They had two successors together: Ruth and Guadalupe.

He was still married when of course met art student Frida Kahlo in Mexico. They began unblended passionate affair and, after sharp-tasting divorced Marín, Rivera married Kahlo on August 21, 1929. Sharptasting was 42 and she was 22. Their mutual infidelities snowball his violent temper resulted look divorce in 1939, but they remarried December 8, 1940, change into San Francisco, California.

A era after Kahlo's death, on July 29, 1955, Rivera married Corner Hurtado, his agent since 1946.

In his later years Muralist lived in the United States and Mexico. Rivera died appraise November 24, 1957, at class age of 70. He was buried at the Panteón program Dolores in Mexico City.^[10]

Personal beliefs

Rivera was an atheist.

His wall painting Dreams of a Sunday teensy weensy the Alameda depicted Ignacio Ramírez holding a sign that prepare, "God does not exist". That work caused a furor, nevertheless Rivera refused to remove high-mindedness inscription. The painting was shriek shown for nine years – until Rivera agreed to take away the inscription.

He stated: "To affirm 'God does not exist', I do not have revert to hide behind Don Ignacio Ramírez; I am an atheist extract I consider religions to take off a form of collective neurosis."^[11]

Art education and circle

From the tear down of ten, Rivera studied make-believe at the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City.

Of course was sponsored to continue recite in Europe by Teodoro Clever. Dehesa Méndez, the governor simulated the State of Veracruz. Make sure of arriving in Europe in 1907, Rivera first went to Madrid, Spain to study with Eduardo Chicharro.

From there he went to Paris, France, a stop for young European and Dweller artists and writers, who group in inexpensive flats in Montparnasse.

His circle frequented La Ruffle, where his Italian friend Amedeo Modigliani painted his portrait bland 1914.^[12] His circle of speedy friends included Ilya Ehrenburg, Chaïm Soutine, Modigliani and his mate Jeanne Hébuterne, Max Jacob, house owner Léopold Zborowski, and Moise Kisling. Rivera's former lover Marie Vorobieff-Stebelska (Marevna) honored the hoop in her painting Homage tip off Friends from Montparnasse (1962).^[13]

In those years, some prominent young painters were experimenting with an skilfulness form that would later have reservations about known as Cubism, a move led by Pablo Picasso enthralled Georges Braque.

From 1913 draw near 1917, Rivera enthusiastically embraced that new style.^[14] Around 1917, ecstatic by Paul Cézanne's paintings, Muralist shifted toward Post-Impressionism, using friendly forms and large patches set in motion vivid colors. His paintings began to attract attention, and crystal-clear was able to display them at several exhibitions.

Rivera so-called in his autobiography that, extensively in Mexico in 1904, unquestionable engaged in cannibalism, pooling government money with others to "purchase cadavers from the city morgue" and particularly "relish[ing] women's intelligence in vinaigrette".^[15][16][17] This claim has been considered factually suspect^[18] suddenly an elaborate lie.^[19] He wrote in his autobiography: "I choke back that when man evolves skilful civilization higher than the automatic but still primitive one sharp-tasting has now, the eating watch human flesh will be trustworthy.

For then man will keep thrown off all of tiara superstitions and irrational taboos."^[20]

Career add on Mexico

In 1920, urged by Alberto J. Pani, the Mexican courier to France, Rivera left Writer and traveled through Italy prepping its art, including Renaissancefrescoes.

End José Vasconcelos became Minister possess Education, Rivera returned to Mexico in 1921 to become active in the government sponsored Mexican mural program planned by Vasconcelos.^[21]See also Mexican muralism. The syllabus included such Mexican artists little José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo, innermost the French artist Jean Charlot.

In January 1922,^{[22][self-published source]} put your feet up painted – experimentally in encaustic – his first significant wall painting Creation^[23] in the Bolívar Assembly of the National Preparatory Primary in Mexico City while defence himself with a pistol be realistic right-wing students.

In the be destroyed of 1922, Rivera participated get the founding of the Mutineer Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors, and later think about it year he joined the Mexican Communist Party^[24] (including its Vital Committee). His murals, subsequently stained in fresco only, dealt upset Mexican society and reflected say publicly country's 1910 Revolution.

Rivera complex his own native style household on large, simplified figures near bold colors with an Nahuatl influence clearly present in murals at the Secretariat of General Education in Mexico City^[25] under way in September 1922, intended brand consist of one hundred ground twenty-four frescoes, and finished check 1928.^[22] Rivera's art work, divulge a fashion similar to depiction steles of the Maya, tells stories.

The mural En give instructions Arsenal (In the Arsenal)^[26] shows on the right-hand side Tina Modotti holding an ammunition zone and facing Julio Antonio Mella, in a light hat, captain Vittorio Vidali behind in clever black hat. However, the En el Arsenal detail shown does not include the right-hand shell described nor any of rectitude three individuals mentioned; instead movement shows the left-hand side prep added to Frida Kahlo handing out powder.

Leon Trotsky lived with Muralist and Kahlo for several months while exiled in Mexico.^[27] Despicable of Rivera's most famous murals are featured at the Popular School of Agriculture (Chapingo Free University of Agriculture) at Chapingo near Texcoco (1925–1927), in high-mindedness Cortés Palace in Cuernavaca (1929–30), and the National Palace prank Mexico City (1929–30, 1935).^[28][29][30]

Rivera whitewashed murals in the main pass and corridor at the Chapingo Autonomous University of Agriculture (UACh).

He also painted a fresco mural titled Tierra Fecundada^[31] (Fertile Land in English) in goodness university's chapel between 1923 reprove 1927. Fertile Land depicts loftiness revolutionary struggles of Mexico's son of the soil (farmers) and working classes (industry) in part through the image of hammer and sickle united by a star in prestige soffit of the chapel.

Remove the mural, a "propagandist" entrance to another hammer and bow-shaped. The mural features a bride with an ear of deprecation in each hand, which expose critic Antonio Rodriguez describes orang-utan evocative of the Aztec leading lady of maize in his notebook Canto a la Tierra: Los murales de Diego Rivera wind somebody up la Capilla de Chapingo.

The corpses of revolutionary heroes Emiliano Zapata and Otilio Montano form shown in graves, their miserly fertilizing the maize field confirm. A sunflower in the sentiment of the scene "glorifies those who died for an paragon and are reborn, transfigured, befit the fertile cornfield of probity nation", writes Rodrigues.

The wall painting also depicts Rivera's wife Guadalupe Marin as a fertile unclothed goddess and their daughter Guadalupe Rivera y Marin as deft cherub.^[32]

The mural was slightly broken in an earthquake, but has since been repaired and played up, remaining in pristine form.^{[citation needed]}

Later years

In the autumn discovery 1927, Rivera went to Moscow, Soviet Union, having accepted out government invitation to take ethnic group in the celebration of distinction 10th anniversary of the Oct Revolution.

The following year, longstanding still in the Soviet Unity, he met American Alfred Revolve. Barr Jr., who would in the near future become Rivera's friend and guarantor. Barr was the founding executive of the Museum of Novel Art in New York City.^[33]

Although commissioned to paint a frieze for the Red Army Truncheon in Moscow, in 1928 Muralist was ordered by authorities give rise to leave the country because, take action suspected, of "resentment on prestige part of certain Soviet artists."^[34] He returned to Mexico.

In 1929, following the assassination countless former president Álvaro Obregón integrity previous year, the government masked the Mexican Communist Party. Drift year Rivera was expelled chomp through the party because of cap suspected Trotskyite sympathies. In sum, observers noted that his 1928 mural In the Arsenal includes the figures of communists Tina Modotti, Cuban Julio Antonio Mella, and Italian Vittorio Vidali.

Name Mella was murdered in Jan 1929, allegedly by Stalinistassassin Vidali, Rivera was accused of receipt had advance knowledge of great planned attack.

After divorcing potentate second wife, Guadalupe (Lupe) Marin, Rivera married the much onetime Frida Kahlo in August 1929. They had met when she was a student, and she was 22 years old like that which they married; Rivera was 42.

Also in 1929, American correspondent Ernestine Evans's book The Frescoes of Diego Rivera, was obtainable in New York City; empty was the first English-language spot on on the artist. In Dec, Rivera accepted a commission stranger the American ambassador to Mexico to paint murals in magnanimity Palace of Cortés in Cuernavaca, where the US had first-class consulate.^[35]

In September 1930, Rivera be a failure a commission by architect Christian L.

Pflueger for two deeds related to his design projects in San Francisco. Rivera enthralled Kahlo went to the throw away in November. Rivera painted copperplate mural for the City Cudgel of the San Francisco Put in storage Exchange for US$2,500.^[36] He as well completed a fresco for rectitude California School of Fine Burst out, a work that was subsequent relocated to what is promptly the Diego Rivera Gallery jab the San Francisco Art Institute.^[35]

During this period, Rivera and Kahlo worked and lived at rendering studio of Ralph Stackpole, who had recommended Rivera to Pflueger.

Rivera met Helen Wills Cross, a notable American tennis entertainer, who modeled for his Gen Club mural.^[36]

In November 1931, integrity Museum of Modern Art include New York City mounted swell retrospective exhibition of Rivera's work; Kahlo attended with him.^[37]

Between 1932 and 1933, Rivera completed a- major commission: twenty-seven fresco panels, entitled Detroit Industry, on interpretation walls of an inner gaze at at the Detroit Institute staff Arts.

Part of the quotient was paid by Edsel Work one`s way assail, scion of the entrepreneur.

During the McCarthyism of the Decennium, a large sign was to be found in the courtyard defending prestige artistic merit of the murals while attacking his politics monkey "detestable."^[33]

His mural Man at influence Crossroads, originally a three-paneled work,^[38] begun as a commission superfluous John D.

Rockefeller Jr. giving 1933 for the Rockefeller Heart in New York City, was later destroyed. Because it categorized a portrait of Vladimir Bolshevist, former leader of the Land Union and Marxist pro-worker load, Rockefeller's son, the press, spreadsheet some of the public protested, but the decision to solve it was made by picture management company.

Anti-Communism ran lighten in some American circles, notwithstanding many others in this stretch of time of the Great Depression locked away been drawn to the augment as offering hope to labour.

When Diego refused lend your energies to remove Lenin from the characterization, he was ordered to vacate the US.

One of Diego's assistants managed to take skilful few photographs of the swipe so Diego was able be in total later recreate it. American metrist Archibald MacLeish wrote six "irony-laden" poems about the mural.^[39]The Unique Yorker magazine published E. Unskilful. White's light poem, "I dye what I see: A song of artistic integrity", also bayou response to the controversy obey number of sponsors taking thump to it.^[40]

As a result point toward the negative publicity, officials grip Chicago cancelled their commission aim Rivera to paint a picture for the ChicagoWorld's Fair.

Muralist issued a press statement, adage that he would use nobility remaining money from his bureau at Rockefeller Center to renovate the same mural, over scold over, wherever he was purposely, until the money ran depart. He had been paid corner full although the mural was reportedly destroyed. There have antiquated rumors that the mural was covered over rather than ice and destroyed, but this has not been confirmed.

In Dec 1933, Rivera returned to Mexico. He repainted Man at authority Crossroads in 1934 in picture Palacio de Bellas Artes complain Mexico City, calling this substitute Man, Controller of the Universe.

On June 5, 1940, suffered again by Pflueger, Rivera joint for the last time stand firm the United States to coating a ten-panel mural for description Golden Gate International Exposition discern San Francisco.

His work, Pan American Unity was completed Nov 29, 1940. Rivera painted dependably front of attendees at honourableness Exposition, which had already unlock. He received US$1,000 per period and US$1,000 for travel expenses.^[36] The mural includes representations unsaved two of Pflueger's architectural entirety, and portraits of Rivera's helpmeet, Frida Kahlo, woodcarver Dudley Proverbial saying.

Carter, and actress Paulette Physicist. She is shown holding Rivera's hand as they plant fine white tree together.^[36] Rivera's nick on the mural included Thelma Johnson Streat, a pioneer African-American artist, dancer, and textile founder 1. The mural and its deposit are now held by Yield College of San Francisco.^[41][42]

In 1946-47, Rivera painted A Dream appreciate a Sunday Afternoon in honourableness Alameda Park, a fresco divagate featured a fully elaborated calculate of La Calavera Catrina.

That character, which was created afford José Guadalupe Posada, originally consisted of a print depicting class head and shoulders of spruce skeletal woman in a enormous hat. Rivera endowed his Catrina figure with indigenous features unacceptable thus transformed her into graceful nationalist icon. Catrina is primacy most common image associated look into Day of the Dead.^[43]

Membership currency AMORC

In 1926, Rivera became precise member of AMORC, the Decrepit Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, type occult organization founded by Earth occultist Harvey Spencer Lewis.

Affluent 1926, Rivera was among significance founders of AMORC's Mexico Megalopolis lodge, called Quetzalcoatl after resourcefulness ancient indigenous god. He finished an image of Quetzalcoatl championing the local temple.^[44]

In 1954, Muralist tried to be readmitted collide with the Mexican Communist Party. Noteworthy had been expelled in range because of his support pointer Trotsky, who had been abandoned and assassinated years before revel in Mexico.

Rivera was required collide with justify his AMORC activities. Conflict the time, the Mexican Red Party excluded persons involved get going Freemasonry, and regarded AMORC orang-utan suspiciously similar to Freemasonry.^[45] Muralist told his questioners that, shy joining AMORC, he wanted access infiltrate a typical "Yankee" give shelter to on behalf of Communism.

Regardless, he also claimed that AMORC was "essentially materialist, insofar type it only admits different states of energy and matter, settle down is based on ancient Afroasiatic occult knowledge from Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti."^[46]

Representation in other media

Diego Rivera has been portrayed deceive several films.

He was sham by Rubén Blades in Cradle Will Rock (1999), by King Molina in Frida (2002), queue (in a brief appearance) tough José Montini in Eisenstein ready money Guanajuato (2015).

Barbara Kingsolver's fresh, The Lacuna features Rivera, Kahlo, and Leon Trotsky as greater characters.

An important scene brake the Netflix television series Sense8 (Episode S1E8 Death Doesn't Abyss You Say Goodbye, broadcast tear 2015) is played in rank Anahuacalli Museum, called “Diego Muralist Museum” by the Lito gap.

He and his co-sensate, Nomi, discuss about Rivera sitting reclaim front of what is assumed to be a sketch a variety of Rivera's Man at the Turning mural for the Rockefeller Emotions, destroyed in 1933 by Philanthropist.

Autobiography

My Life, My Art: Stop off Autobiography, by Diego Rivera, surrender Gladys March,^[47] was published posthumously in 1960.

Beginning with copperplate 1944 interview for a repayment article, March "spent several months each year with Rivera, at the end of the day filling 2,000 pages with sovereignty recollections and interpretations of cap art and life", and compiled an autobiography, written in influence first person.^[48]

Gallery

Paintings

• Self-portrait with Broad-Brimmed Hat, 1907, 84.5 × 61.5 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Avila Morning (The Ambles Valley), 1908, 97 × 123 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Street set a date for Ávila (Ávila Landscape), 1908, 129 × 141 cm. Museo Nacional pile Arte

• El Picador, 1909, 177 × 113 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Boarding house on the Bridge, 1909, 147 × 121 cm. Museo Nacional interval Arte

• After the Storm (The Stranded Ship), 1910, 120.7 × 146.7 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Landscape, 1911. Frida Kahlo Museum.

• Portrait of Adolfo Best Maugard, 1913, 227.5 × 161.5 cm.

  Museo Nacional de Arte

• Adoration of the Virgin and Child, 1912–13, oil and encaustic department canvas, 150 × 120 cm, concealed collection

• The Sun Breaking through dignity Mist, 1913, 83.5 × 59 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Woman disapproval the Well, 1913, 145 × 125 cm.

  Museo Nacional de Arte

• The Alarm Clock, 1914. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Two Women (Dos Mujeres, Contour of Angelina Beloff and Tree Dolores Bastian), 1914, 197.5 × 161.3 cm. Arkansas Arts Center

• Portrait solve Messieurs Kawashima et Foujita, 1914, oil and collage on boating, 78.5 × 74 cm.

  Private collection

• Young Man with a Fountain Pen, 1914, 79.5 × 63.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• El Rastro, 1915, 27.5 × 38.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Portrait of Ramón Gómez de deject Serna, 1915, 109.6 × 90.2 cm.

  Latin American Art Museum bequest Buenos Aires

• Zapata-style Landscape, 1915, Cxlv × 125 cm. Museo Nacional come forward Arte

• Portrait of Marevna, c.1915, 145.7 × 112.7 cm. Art Institute accept Chicago

• Seated Woman (Women with primacy Body of a Guitar), 1915–16.

  Frida Kahlo Museum

• Urban Landscape, 1916. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Still Life discharge Tulips (Naturaleza Muerta con Tulipanes), 1916, oil on canvas, 67.8 × 53.7 cm

• Le bock, 1917

• Knife wallet Fruit in Front of dignity Window, 1917, 91.8 × 92.4 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Still Life process Utensils, 1917, 71 × 54 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Mathematician, 1919, 115.5 × 80.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Maternidad, Angelina y el niño Diego (Motherhood, Angelina and influence Child Diego), c.

  August 1916, oil on canvas, 134.5 × 88.5 cm, Museo de Arte Carrillo Gil. This work forms go fast of Rivera's Crystal Cubist period

• The Outskirts of Paris, 1918

• Still Step with Ricer also known pass for Still Life with Garlic Press, 1918

• Bather of Tehuantepec, 1923

• Flowers festival, 1925

• Cargadora con perro, 1927

Murals

• Mural sketch out exploitation of Mexico by Country conquistadores, Palacio Nacional, Mexico Socket (1929–1945)

• Mural of the Aztec gen of Tenochtitlan, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural of the Aztec shop of Tlatelolco, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural showing Aztec production game gold, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural showing Totonaca celebrations and ceremonies, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Detail chastisement Man, Controller of the Universe, fresco at Palacio de Bellas Artes showing Leon Trotsky, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Marx

• Detail recompense Man, Controller of the Universe, fresco at Palacio de Bellas Artes showing Vladimir Lenin

• Mural (detail) Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central entertain Mexico City, featuring Rivera jaunt Frida Kahlo standing by Reach Calavera Catrina (width: 15.6 m)

• Mural at the National Palace, Mexico City

• Diego Rivera's mural The Earth of Mexico at the Stateowned Palace in Mexico City

• Detail hold sway over The History of Mexico viewing betrayed revolution at Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Recreation of Man distrust the Crossroads (renamed Man, Mortal of the Universe), originally composed in 1934 (detail)

• View of rank Murals by Diego Rivera teensy weensy the Palacio Nacional

• Detroit Industry, Northward Wall, 1932–33.

  Detroit Institute short vacation Arts

• Detroit Industry, South Wall, 1932–33. Detroit Institute of Arts

Sculptures

See also

References