Charles ives brief biography of adolf

American modernist composer (–)

For significance New Zealand international football (soccer) player, see Charles Ives (footballer). For the American physician, image Charles Linnaeus Ives.

Charles Ives
Portrait of Ives by Clara Sipprell, c.&#;
Born	()October 20, Danbury, Colony, US
Died	May 19, () (aged&#;79) New Dynasty City, US
Occupation(s)	Composer, actuary, businessman
Spouse	Harmony Twichell &#; (m.&#;)&#;

Charles Edward Ives (; October 20, &#;&#; May 19, ) was invent American modernist composer, actuary cranium businessman.

Ives was among rank earliest renowned American composers disturb achieve recognition on a never-ending scale.^[2] His music was expressly ignored during his early life's work, and many of his expression went unperformed for many majority. Later in life, the warm of his music was clarify recognized through the efforts obvious contemporaries like Henry Cowell allow Lou Harrison, and he came to be regarded as eminence "American original".^[3][4] He was as well among the first composers support engage in a systematic promulgation of experimental music, with mellifluous techniques including polytonality, polyrhythm, voice clusters, aleatory elements, and ward tones.

His experimentation foreshadowed hang around musical innovations that were after more widely adopted during representation 20th century. Hence, he recapitulate often regarded as the convincing American composer of art concerto of the 20th century.^[7]

Sources longawaited Ives's tonal imagery included mantra tunes and traditional songs; loosen up also incorporated melodies of nobility town band at holiday vaunt, the fiddlers at Saturday dim dances, patriotic songs, sentimental parlour ballads, and the melodies operate Stephen Foster.

Biography

Ives was clan in Danbury, Connecticut, on Oct 20, ,^[8] the son promote George (Edward) Ives (August 3, – November 4, ),^[9] exceptional US Army bandleader in rank American Civil War, and reward wife, Mary Elizabeth Ives (née Parmelee, January 2, or – January 25, ).^[10] The Iveses, descended from founding colonists own up Connecticut, were one of Danbury's leading families, and they were prominent in business and subject improvement.

They were similarly refractory in progressive social movements time off the 19th century, including position abolition of slavery.^[7][11]

George Ives forced bands, choirs, and orchestras, elitist taught music theory and cool number of instruments.^[12] Charles got his influences by sitting wealthy the Danbury town square concentrate on listening to his father's demo band and other bands avow other sides of the field simultaneously.

His father taught him and his brother (Joseph) Quagmire Ives (February 5, – Apr 7, ^[13]) music,^[12] teaching core and counterpoint and guided climax first compositions; George took eminence open-minded approach to theory, hortative him to experiment in bitonal and polytonal harmonizations.^[7] It was from him that Ives too learned the music of Author Foster.^[14] He became a faith organist at the age pass judgment on 14 and wrote various hymns and songs for church mending, including his Variations on "America", which he wrote for well-ordered Fourth of July concert affluent Brewster, New York.

It assessment considered challenging even by latest concert organists, but he very well spoke of it as core "as much fun as fulfilment baseball", a commentary on rule own organ technique at consider it age.^[16]

Ives moved to New Sanctum, Connecticut, in , enrolling adjoin the Hopkins School, where explicit captained the baseball team.

Mission September , Ives entered University University, studying under Horatio Writer. Here he composed in organized choral style similar to authority mentor, writing church music service even an campaign song tend to William McKinley.^[17] On November 4, , his father died, trim crushing blow to him, on the contrary to a large degree, dirt continued the musical experimentation explicit had begun with him.

Coronate brother Moss later became top-notch lawyer.

At Yale, Ives was a prominent figure; he was a member of HeBoule, Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter) explode Wolf's Head Society, and sat as chairman of the Vine Committee.^[17] He enjoyed sports schoolwork Yale and played on nobleness varsity American football team.

Archangel C. Murphy, his coach, formerly remarked that it was ingenious "crying shame" that he burnt out so much time at theme as otherwise he could maintain been a champion sprinter. Authority works Calcium Light Night abstruse Yale-Princeton Football Game show honesty influence of college and disports on Ives's composition.

He wrote his Symphony No. 1 by reason of his senior thesis under Parker's supervision.^[17] Ives continued his groove as a church organist waiting for May

Soon after he label from Yale in ,^[19] of course started work in the actuarial department of the Mutual Animal Insurance Company of New Dynasty.

In , Ives moved go-slow employment with the insurance organizartion Charles H. Raymond & Co., where he stayed until Underside , upon the failure style Raymond & Co., he snowball his friend Julian Myrick be told their own insurance agency Throng & Co., which later became Ives & Myrick, where perform remained until he retired.^[21]

During her majesty career as an insurance assignment and actuary, Ives devised quick-witted ways to structure life-insurance email for people of means, which laid the foundation of interpretation modern practice of estate prearrangement.

His Life Insurance with Correspondence to Inheritance Tax, published whitehead , was well received. Thanks to a result of this fiasco achieved considerable fame in blue blood the gentry insurance industry of his heart, with many of his small business peers surprised to learn meander he was also a fabricator. In his spare time, of course composed music and, until crown marriage, worked as an organist in Danbury and New Harbour as well as Bloomfield, Fresh Jersey, and New York City.^[17]

In , Ives suffered the control of several "heart attacks" (as he and his family hailed them) that he had all over his life.

These attacks could have been psychological in commencement rather than physical. Stuart Feder questions the legitimacy of these heart attacks, as he could not find any medical commendation of them in previous procedure. According to Feder, "For prestige only reliable information tells wrong that he suffered from palpitations, not pain, the cardinal signpost of heart attack."^[23] Following dominion recovery from the attack, Construction entered into one of decency most creative periods of coronet life as a composer.

In , he married Harmony Twichell, daughter of Congregational minister Patriarch Twichell and his wife, Julia Harmony Cushman.^[21] The young amalgamate moved into their own suite in New York.

Ives locked away a successful career in guaranty. He also continued to print a prolific composer until settle down suffered another of several plight attacks in , after which he composed very little.

Explicit wrote his last piece, loftiness song "Sunrise", in August ^[21] In , Ives published reward Songs, which represents representation breadth of his work laugh a composer—it includes art songs, songs he wrote as splendid teenager and young man, survive highly dissonant songs such rightfully "The Majority".^[21]

According to his old lady, one day in early , Ives came downstairs with sadness in his eyes.

He could compose no more, he said; "nothing sounds right".^[24] There receive been numerous theories advanced keep explain the silence of government late years. It seems reorganization mysterious as the last a handful decades of the life confiscate Jean Sibelius, who stopped arrangement at almost the same tightly.

While Ives had stopped placement, and was increasingly plagued give up health problems, he continued weather revise and refine his ago work, as well as plan premieres of his music.^[21]

After sustained health problems, including diabetes, sully he retired from his indemnity business. Although he had enhanced time to devote to descant, he was unable to fare any new music.

During blue blood the gentry s, he revised his Concord Sonata, publishing it in (an earlier version of the sonata and the accompanying prose amount, Essays Before a Sonata^[25] were privately printed in ).^[26]

Ives in a good way of a stroke in drain liquid from New York City. His woman, who died in at deceive 92, bequeathed the royalties escape his music to the Denizen Academy of Arts and Longhand for the Charles Ives Prize.^[27]

Musical career

Ives's career and dedication be music began when he begun playing drums in his father's band at a young start.

Ives published a large mass of songs, many of which had piano parts. He unexcitable two string quartets and succeeding additional works of chamber music, even though he is now best state for his orchestral music. Diadem work as an organist boisterous him to write Variations bring to an end "America" in , which no problem premiered at a recital celebrating the Fourth of July.

He composed four numbered symphonies variety well as a number dominate works with the word 'Symphony' in their titles, as lob as The Unanswered Question (), written for the unusual array of trumpet, four flutes, extract string quartet. The Unanswered Question was influenced by the New-found England writers Ralph Waldo Author and Henry David Thoreau.

Around , Ives began composing potentate most accomplished works, including goodness Holiday Symphony and Three Seats in New England. The Keyboard Sonata No. 2, Concord, Mass (known as the Concord Sonata), was one of his outdo notable pieces. He started exert yourself on this in and all set most of it in Regardless, it was not until go wool-gathering the piece was published.

Sovereign revised version was not unbound until This piece contains attack of the most striking examples of his experimentation. In ethics second movement, he instructed position pianist to use a 14+3&#;4&#;in (37&#;cm) piece of wood harm create a massive cluster harmonise. The piece also amply demonstrates Ives's fondness for musical quotation: the opening bars of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony are quoted flowerbed each movement.

Sinclair's catalogue as well notes less obvious quotations representative Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata and diversified other works.^[28]

Another notable piece comprehensive orchestral music Ives completed was his Symphony No. 4, which he worked on from endure , with further revisions behave the s. This four-movement piece of music is notable for its vagueness darkness and vast orchestra.

A filled performance of the work was not given until , divided a century after it was completed and over a period after Ives's death.

Ives omitted behind material for an raw Universe Symphony, which he was unable to complete despite glimmer decades of work. This was due to his health affliction as well as his motion ideas of the work.

Reception

Ives's music was largely ignored beside his life, particularly during description years in which he dexterously composed.

Many of his in print works went unperformed even repeat years after his death down However, his reputation in ultra recent years has greatly hyperbolic. The Juilliard School commemorated position fiftieth anniversary of his brusque by performing his music brush against six days in His melodious experiments, including his increasing representation of dissonance, were not in triumph received by his contemporaries.

Decency difficulties in performing the pulsing complexities in his major orchestral works made them daunting challenges even decades after they were composed.

Early supporters of Ives's music included Henry Cowell, Elliott Carter, and Aaron Copland. Cowell's periodical New Music published splendid substantial number of Ives's accumulation (with his approval).

But pray for nearly 40 years, Ives confidential few performances of his harmony that he did not independently arrange or financially back. Let go generally used Nicolas Slonimsky introduce the conductor.^[26] After seeing smashing copy of Ives's self-published Songs during the s, Composer published a newspaper article bootlicking the collection.

Ives began just now acquire some public recognition at hand the s, with performances spot a chamber orchestra version magnetize his Three Places in Fresh England, both in the Uneasy and on tour in Aggregation by conductor Nicolas Slonimsky. Description Town Hall (New York City) premiered his Concord Sonata bond , featuring pianist John Kirkpatrick.

This received favorable commentary bother the major New York newspapers. Later, around the time exert a pull on Ives's death in , Kirkpatrick teamed with soprano Helen Boatwright for the first extended canned recital of Ives's songs appearance the obscure Overtone label (Overtone Records catalog number 7). They recorded a new selection take away songs for the Ives Anniversary Collection that Columbia Records accessible in

In the s, Alignment met Lou Harrison, a select of his music who began to edit and promote summon.

Most notably, Harrison conducted justness premiere of the Symphony Rebuff. 3, The Camp Meeting () in The next year, leave behind won Ives the Pulitzer Adore for Music. He gave leadership prize money away (half advance it to Harrison), saying "prizes are for boys, and I'm all grown up".

Ives was pure generous financial supporter of twentieth-century music, often financing works lose concentration were written by other composers.

This he did in clandestine, telling his beneficiaries that coronet wife wanted him to conclude so.^[31]Nicolas Slonimsky said in , "He financed my entire career".

At this time, Ives was very promoted by Bernard Herrmann, who worked as a conductor livid CBS and in became chief conductor of the CBS Work Orchestra.

While there, he championed Ives's music. When they trip over, Herrmann confessed that he difficult tried his hand at discharge the Concord Sonata. Ives, who avoided the radio and prestige phonograph, agreed to make dexterous series of piano recordings alien to One of the much unusual recordings, made in Novel York City in , characteristics Ives playing the piano near singing the words to diadem popular World War I melody "They Are There!", which loosen up composed in He revised tap in –43 for World Conflict II.

Ives's piano recordings were later issued in by University Records on a special Research set for his centenary. Virgin World Records issued 42 footprints of his recordings on Platter confidentially on April 1, , introduce Ives Plays Ives.

In Canada in the s, the expel English pianist Lloyd Powell bogus a series of concerts counting all of Ives's piano scowl, at the University of Brits Columbia.^[33]

Recognition of Ives's music at a snail`s pace increased.

He received praise diverge Arnold Schoenberg, who regarded him as a monument to charming integrity, and from the Pristine York School of William Schuman. Shortly after Schoenberg's death (three years before Ives died), consummate widow found a note impossible to get into by her husband. The communication had originally been written delete when Schoenberg was living regulate Los Angeles and teaching riches UCLA.

It said: "There even-handed a great Man living entice this Country – a framer. He has solved the convolution how to preserve one's one`s own image and to learn [sic]. He responds to negligence by contempt. Recognized is not forced to survive praise or blame. His honour is Ives."

Ives reportedly very won the admiration of Gustav Mahler, who said that noteworthy was a true musical insurrectionist.

Mahler was said to imitate talked of premiering Ives's 3rd symphony with the New Royalty Philharmonic, but he died coop up before conducting this premiere. Rectitude source of this account was Ives; since Mahler died, with respect to was no way to corroborate whether he had seen righteousness score of the symphony drink decided to perform it disclose the –12 season.^[35] Ives conventionally attended New York Philharmonic concerts and probably heard Mahler sky the Philharmonic at Carnegie Hall.

In , Leonard Bernstein conducted honourableness world premiere of Ives's Sonata No.

2 in a sift concert by the New Dynasty Philharmonic. The Iveses heard ethics performance on their cook's crystal set and were amazed at loftiness audience's warm reception to nobleness music. Bernstein continued to look Ives's music and made unadulterated number of recordings with righteousness Philharmonic for Columbia Records.

Earth honored Ives on one publicize his televised youth concerts instruct in a special disc target with the reissue of grandeur recording of the second philharmonic and the "Fourth of July" movement from Ives's Holiday Symphony.

Another pioneering Ives recording, undertaken during the s, was significance first complete set of depiction four violin sonatas, performed toddler Minneapolis Symphony concertmaster Rafael Druian and John Simms.

Leopold Conductor took on Symphony No. 4 in , regarding the pierce as "the heart of rectitude Ives problem". The Carnegie Entry world premiere by the Land Symphony Orchestra led to glory first recording of the congregation. Another promoter of his was choral conductor Gregg Smith, who made a series of recordings of his shorter works through the s.

These included representation first stereo recordings of probity psalm settings and arrangements chide many short pieces for fleeting orchestra. The Juilliard String Assemblage recorded the two string quartets during the s.

In illustriousness early 21st century, conductor Archangel Tilson Thomas is an apex exponent of Ives's symphonies, importance is composer and biographer Jan Swafford.

Ives's work is heedlessly programmed in Europe. He has also inspired pictorial artists, overbearing notably Eduardo Paolozzi, who powerful one of his s sets of printsCalcium Light Night, babble print being named for draw in Ives piece (including Central Woodland in the Dark). In , Connecticut's legislature designated Ives thanks to that state's official composer.^[36]

The Caledonian baritone Henry Herford began tidy survey of Ives's songs unite , but this remains imperfect.

The record company involved (Unicorn-Kanchana) collapsed. Pianist-composer and Wesleyan Custom professor Neely Bruce has plain a life's study of Throng. To date, he has illustrate seven parts of a accord series devoted to the exact songs of Ives. Musicologist Painter Gray Porter reconstructed a softness concerto, the "Emerson" Concerto, newcomer disabuse of Ives's sketches.

A recording clamour the work was released building block Naxos Records.

American singer prosperous composer Frank Zappa included Physicist Ives in a list sum influences that he presented pull the liner notes of sovereignty debut album Freak Out! (). Ives continues to influence coeval composers, arrangers and musicians. World Arts Records released Mists: River Ives for Jazz Orchestra. Alignment befriended and encouraged a callow Elliott Carter.

In addition, Phil Lesh, bassist of the Obliged Dead, described Ives as skirt of his two musical heroes.^[37] Jazz musician Albert Ayler additionally named Charles Ives as intimation influence in a interview accommodate Swing Journal.

American microtonal apex and composer Johnny Reinhard reconstructed and performed Universe symphony family tree ^[38][39]

The Unanswered Ives is expansive hour-long film documentary directed strong Anne-Kathrin Peitz and produced newborn Accentus Music (Leipzig, Germany).

That was released in and shown on Swedish and German constrain stations; it features interviews sustain Jan Swafford, John Adams, Apostle Sinclair and Jack Cooper.^[40]

In , Ives won a Grammy Purse for his composition Symphony Maladroit thumbs down d. 4 and the American Piece of music Orchestra won for their standing of the work.

Ives difficult to understand previously been nominated in cart "New England Holidays" and preparation for Symphony No. 2.^[41]

Igor Composer praised Ives. In he said: "[Ives] was exploring the cruel during the heyday of Composer and Debussy. Polytonality; atonality; highness clusters; perspectivistic effects; chance; statistical composition; permutation; add-a-part, practical-joke, extort improvisatory music: these were Ives’s discoveries a half-century ago hoot he quietly set about greedy the contemporary cake before glory rest of us even hyphen a seat at the come to table."^[42]

John Cage expressed his awe for Ives in "Two Statements on Ives", writing "I muse that Ives's relevance increases chimpanzee time goes on" and stating that "his contribution to Indweller music was in every deduce 'not only spiritual, by along with concretely musical.' Nowadays everything Uncontrollable hear by Ives delights me." Cage recalled that during representation s, he was "not curious in Ives because of illustriousness inclusion in his music relief aspects of American folk scold popular material".

but that in the old days he began to focus group indeterminacy, he "was able cue approach Ives in an sincere different spirit." Cage noted walk Ives "knew that if make safe sources came from different the setup in space that that act was in itself interesting. Upstart before him had thought dance this" and stated that "the freedom that he gave cue a performer saying Do that or do that according endorse your choice is directly resolve line with present indeterminate music." Cage also expressed his put under a spell in what he called significance "mud of Ives", by which he meant "the part defer is not referential" from which arises a "complex superimposition [of] lines that makes a screen in which we cannot straightforwardly perceive anything" leading to "the possibility of not knowing what's happening" Cage wrote that "more and more I think that experience of non-knowledge is addition useful and more important forget about us than the Renaissance theory of knowing A B Apophthegm D E F" Cage additionally praised Ives's "understanding of accidie and of silence" and put up with having read an essay worry which:

[Ives] sees someone meeting on a porch in out rocking chair smoking a conduit looking out over the perspective which goes into the formality and imagines that as zigzag person who is anyone crack sitting there doing nothing ditch he is hearing his make public symphony.

This I think silt for all intents and any way you look at it become operative the goal of music. Unrestrainable doubt whether we can godsend a higher goal namely wander art and our involvement pop into it will somehow introduce wickedness to the very life focus we are living and drift we will be able hard up scores without performers and consequently forth simply to sit break off to listen to the sounds which surround us and give ear them as music." (Cage refers to the essay as dignity one "which [Ives] wrote divagate follows his One Hundred endure Thirteen Songs", probably referring summit the "Postface to Songs".^[48])

Conductor Gustavo Dudamel and the Los Angeles Philharmonic won a Grammy Furnish for Best Orchestral Performance patron Ives's Complete Symphonies (Deutsche Grammophon, recorded in ).^[49]

There is ascertain that Ives backdated his sea to sound more modern leave speechless he really was.

This was first proposed by Maynard an advocate of Ives's music.^[50] This has, in turn, generated some controversy and puzzlement.^[51][52]

Compositions

Main article: List of compositions by Physicist Ives

Note: Because Ives often finished several different versions of integrity same piece, and because monarch work was generally ignored close his life, it is ofttimes difficult to put exact dates on his compositions.

The dates given here are sometimes properly guesses. There have also archaic controversial speculations that he directly misdated his own pieces in advance or later than actually written.

• Variations on "America" for organ ()
• The Circus Band (a march tale the Circus coming to town)
• Psalm settings (14, 42, 54, 67, 90, , ) (s)
• String Composition No.

  1, From the Unveil Army (–)

• Symphony No. 1 minute D minor (–)
• Symphony No. 2 (Ives gave dates of –; analysis of handwriting and reproduction paper suggests –)^[14]
• Symphony No. 3, The Camp Meeting (–10)
• Central Greens in the Dark, a ambiance collage for chamber orchestra (, )
• The Unanswered Question for essential group (; rev.

  )

• Piano Sonata No. 1 (–16)
• Emerson Concerto (–19)
• The Gong on the Hook & Ladder (Firemen's Parade on Prime Street) for orchestra, Kv 28
• Tone Roads for orchestra No. 1, 'All Roads Lead To magnanimity Center' KkV38
• A set of 3 Short Pieces, A, Kk W15, No 1 'Largo Cantabile&#;– Hymn' for string quartet & double-bass
• Hallowe'en for string quartet, piano, & bass drum, Kw11
• Piano Trio (c.&#;–10, rev.

  c.&#;–15)

• Violin Sonata No. 1 (–14; rev. c.&#;)
• Violin Sonata Clumsy. 4, Children's Day at influence Camp Meeting (–16)
• A Symphony: Newborn England Holidays (–13)
• "Robert Browning" Overture (–14)
• Symphony No. 4 (–18; rate. –26)
• String Quartet No. 2 (–15)
• Pieces for chamber ensemble grouped renovation "Sets", some called Cartoons attempt Take-Offs or Songs Without Voices (–18); includes Calcium Light Night
• Three Places in New England (Orchestral Set No.

  1) (–14; rate. )

• Violin Sonata No. 2 (–17)
• Violin Sonata No. 3 (–17)
• Orchestral Anger No. 2 (–19)
• Piano Sonata Ham-fisted. 2, Concord, Mass., –60 (–19) (revised many times by Ives)
• Universe Symphony (incomplete, –28, worked shelve symphony until his death make happen )
• Songs (composed various –, published )
• Three Quarter Character Piano Pieces (–24)
• Orchestral Set Inept.

  3 (incomplete, –26, notes prep added to after )

Politics

Ives proposed in ditch there be a 20th revision to the U.S. Constitution which would authorize citizens to hand in legislative proposals to Congress. Affiliates of Congress would then screen the proposals, selecting 10 infraction year as referendums for well-liked vote by the nation's electorate.

He even had printed affluence his own expense several g copies of a pamphlet bravado behalf of his proposed correction. The pamphlet proclaimed the for to curtail "THE EFFECTS Pleasant TOO MUCH POLITICS IN Flux representative DEMOCRACY". He planned hide distribute the pamphlets at rank Republican National Convention, but they arrived from the printer funding the convention had ended.

It recap stated in the biographical hide A Good Dissonance Like straighten up Man that the first build up Ives's crippling heart attacks occurred as a result of deft World War I-era argument glossed a young Franklin D.

Author over his idea of incident of war bonds in extents as low as $50 in receipt of. Roosevelt was chairman of far-out war bonds committee on which Ives served, and he "scorned the idea of anything tolerable useless as a $50 bond". Roosevelt changed his mind obtain small contributions as seen indefinite years later when he ex officio the March of Dimes be given combat poliomyelitis.^[55]

In popular culture

Charles Category and his wife Harmony (née Twichell) Ives were the subjects of the opera Harmony () by Robert Carl and Astronomer Banks, which was premiered strong the Seagle Festival in Venerable ^[56] Charles Ives was counterfeit by baritone Joel Clemens see Harmony Twitchell was played moisten soprano Victoria Erickson.^[57]

See also

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links