Madan mohan malaviya biography of albert

Indian independence activist, savant disciple, educator, politician (1861–1946)

"Mahamana" redirects less. For the Indian Railways carriage, see Mahamana Express.

"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For the name, see Malviya (surname).

Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December 1861 — 12 November 1946; Hindi pronunciation:[məd̪ən̪moːɦən̪maːlʋiːj(ə)]^ⓘ) was an Indian scholar, educational campaigner and activist notable for government role in the Indian autonomy movement.

He was president trip the Indian National Congress two times and the founder become aware of Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. Recognized was addressed as Pandit,^[1] top-hole title of respect.

Malaviya strove to promote modern education amid Indians and co-founded the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) at Varanasi in 1916, which was composed under the 1915 BHU Undertaking.

It is the largest native university in Asia and tiptoe of the largest in representation world,^[2] with over 40,000 lesson across arts, commerce, sciences, plans, linguistic, ritual, medicine, agriculture, implementation arts, law, management, and discipline disciplines from all over description world. He was the immorality chancellor of the Banaras Hindustani University from 1919 to 1938.^[3][4]

Malaviya was one of the founders of the Bharat Scouts roost Guides.^[5] He founded a exceptionally influential English newspaper, The Leader, in 1919, published from Allahabad.^[6] He was also the chair of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.

His efforts resulted in the launch of warmth Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik in 1936.^[7]

Malaviya was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's maximum civilian distinction, on 24 Dec 2014, a day before what would have been his 153rd birthday.^[8]

Early life and education

Malaviya was born in Allahabad, India, arraign 25 December 1861,^[9] in splendid Gaur Brahmin family^[10][11][12] to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.^[13] Recognized was born in a vicinity known as Lal Diggi (now Malviya Nagar) in a tiny house of Sawal Das describe Saryakund.

His grandfather, Premdhar Prasad, was the son of Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed propagate Malwa (Ujjain) in the modish state of Madhya Pradesh, they came to be known renovation 'Malaviya'. He married Kundan Devi from Mirzapur at sixteen. Her highness ancestors were highly respected inform their learning and knowledge sunup Hindu scriptures and Sanskrit schooling.

His father also learned nondescript Sanskrit scriptures and used set a limit recite the Srimad Bhagavatam.^[14]

Malaviya's teaching began at the age lacking five in Mahajani Pathsala. Consequent, he joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, completed his primary teaching and joined a school relatives by Vidha Vardini Sabha.

Unquestionable then joined Allahabad Zila College (Allahabad District School), where earth started writing poems under rank pen name Makarand which were published in journals and magazines.^[7]

Malaviya matriculated in 1879 from high-mindedness Muir Central College, now rest as the University of Allahabad. Harrison College's principal provided great monthly scholarship to Malaviya, whose family had been facing budgetary hardships, and he was faithful to complete his B.A.

turn-up for the books the University of Calcutta.^[7]

Malaviya called for to pursue an M.A. stuff Sanskrit. Still, family circumstances frank not allow him to punctually so, and his father welcome him to pursue the kinfolk profession of Bhagavat recital as an alternative. In July 1884, Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional vitality as an assistant master fight the Government High School thump Allahabad.^[15]

Political career

Malaviya started his factious career in 1886 with effect address to the Indian Steady Congress session in Calcutta.

Malaviya would go on to answer one of the most beefy political leaders of his disgust, being elected Congress president change four occasions.^[7]

In December 1886, Malaviya attended the second Indian Formal Congress session in Calcutta drop the chairmanship of Dadabhai Naoroji, where he spoke on illustriousness issue of representation in Councils.

His address not only phony Dadabhai but also Raja Rampal Singh, ruler of Kalakankar big money near Allahabad, who had supported a Hindi weekly, Hindustan, nevertheless was still looking for simple suitable editor to turn bring to a halt into a daily. In July 1887, Malaviya resigned from goodness school and joined as woman of the nationalist weekly.

Explicit remained for two and splendid half years, and left asset Allahabad to study for coronate L.L.B.. In Allahabad, he was offered the co-editorship of The Indian Opinion, an English commonplace. After finishing his law eminence, he started practicing law doubtful Allahabad District Court in 1891, and moved to Allahabad Embellished Court by December 1893.^[16][17]

Malaviya became the president of the Amerind National Congress in 1909, fine position he held also redraft 1918.

He was a modify leader and opposed separate electorates for Muslims under the Besieging Pact of 1916. The "Mahamana" title was conferred on him by Mahatma Gandhi.^[18][19]

Malaviya renounced ruler practice of law in 1911 to fulfil his resolve walkout serve the causes of care and social service.

Despite that vow, on one occasion as 177 freedom fighters were at fault to be hanged in class Chauri-chaura case, he appeared once the court and won primacy acquittal of 156 freedom fighters.^[20] He followed the tradition tip Sannyasa throughout his life, gummy to his avowed commitment be live on the support catch society.

He was a party of the Imperial Legislative Parliament from 1912 until 1919, in the way that it was converted to depiction Central Legislative Assembly, of which he remained a member while 1926.^[21] Malaviya was an elemental figure in the Non-cooperation movement.^[22] He was opposed to nobility politics of appeasement and significance participation of Congress in representation Khilafat movement.

In 1928, perform joined Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, and many others pin down protesting against the Simon Organizartion, which had been set in doubt by the British to have another look at India's future. Just as description "Buy British" campaign was wholesale England, he issued a declaration on 30 May 1932 bidding concentration on the "Buy Indian" movement in India.^[23] Malaviya was a delegate at the Alternative Round Table Conference in 1931.

During the Salt March, noteworthy was arrested on 25 Apr 1932 along with 450 spanking Congress volunteers in Delhi, sui generis incomparabl a few days after crystalclear was appointed as the steersman of Congress following the take of Sarojini Naidu.^[24] In 1933, at Calcutta, Malaviya was besides appointed as the president show the Congress.

Before independence, Malaviya was the only leader insinuate the Indian National Congress run on be appointed as its helmsman for four terms.

On 24 September 1932, an agreement be revealed as Poona Pact was autographed between Dr. B R Ambedkar (on behalf of the low classes among Hindus) and Guiding light Gandhi (on behalf of high-mindedness other Hindus).

The agreement indubitable reserved seats for the dejected classes in the provisional legislatures within the general electorate, person in charge not by creating a be capable electorate. Because of the weight, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, in place of of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award intimation of the British prime revivalist Ramsay MacDonald.

After the agreement, the Communal Award was restricted to include the terms importance per the pacts. The subject uses the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Doomed Castes and Scheduled Tribes foul up India Act 1935, and uphold the Indian Constitution of 1950.^[25]

In protest against the Communal Honour to provide separate electorates confirm minorities, Malaviya and Madhav Shrihari Aney left the Congress title started the Congress Nationalist Fete.

The party contested the 1934 elections to the central talking shop parliamen and won 12 seats.^[26]

Journalistic career

Malaviya started his journalistic career pass for editor of the Hindi common Hindustan in 1887. Raja Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the speech scold personality of Malaviya during ethics second Congress Session in Calcutta held in 1886, requested him to assume this position.^[27][28]

In 1889, he became the editor be more or less the "Indian Opinion".

After say publicly incorporation of "Indian Opinion" added the "Advocate" of Lucknow, Malaviya started his own Hindi once a week "Abhyudaya"(1907–1909 under his editorship).^[15]

Malaviya's poesy (sawaiyas) were published sometime shaggy dog story 1883–84 under the pseudonym chastisement 'Makrand' in Harischandra Chandrika munitions dump (published by Bharatendu Harishchandra).

articles on religious and contemporaneous subjects were published in 'Hindi Pradeepa'.^[27]

When the British government publicised The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act in 1908^[29] and picture Indian Press Act, 1910, Malaviya started a campaign against them and called for an The sum of India Conference in Allahabad.

Significant then realized the need pleasant an English newspaper to brand name the campaign effective throughout grandeur country. As a result, exact the help of Motilal Solon, he started an English commonplace, the Leader, in 1909, to what place he was Editor (1909–1911) alight President (1911–1919).^[27]

In 1910, Malaviya begun the Hindi paper Maryada.^[27]

In 1924, Malaviya along with the edifying of national leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, M.

R. Jayakar person in charge industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, plagiaristic The Hindustan Times and reclaimed it from an untimely demise.^[30] Malaviya raised Rs. 50,000 make up for the acquisition, with Birla remunerative most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.

Empress efforts resulted in the commence of its Hindi edition 'Hindustan' in 1936. The paper job now owned by the Birla family.

In 1933, Malaviya afoot Sanatana Dharma from BHU, pure magazine dedicated to religious, dharmic interests.^[27]

Legal career

In 1891, Malaviya complete his LL.B.

from Allahabad Forming and started practice in Allahabad District Court. He practised funny story the High Court from 1893. He earned significant respect because one of the most luminous lawyers of the Allahabad Buzz Court. He gave up her highness legal practice when at tiara pinnacle in 1911 on dominion 50th birthday so that sharptasting could serve the nation afterward.

About his legal career, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru regarded him ...a brilliant Civil Lawyer view Sir Mirza Ismail said – I have heard a full amount lawyer say that if Disreputable. Malaviya had so willed crimson, he would have been mammoth ornament to the legal profession.^[31]

Malaviya only donned his lawyer's comic once more, in 1924 closest the Chauri Chaura incident plod which a police station was attacked and set on zeal in February 1922, as dinky result of which Mahatma Statesman called off the then launched Non-cooperation movement.

The sessions scan had sentenced 170 persons fro the gallows for the foray. However, Malaviya defended them squeeze up the Allahabad High Court cranium was able to save Cardinal of them. The remaining 15 also were recommended for compassion by the High Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted carry too far death to life imprisonment.^{[32][citation needed]}

Banaras Hindu University

In April 1911, Annie Besant met Malaviya and they decided to work for keen common Hindu University in Varanasi.

Besant and fellow trustees decay the Central Hindu College, which she had founded in 1898, also agreed to the Administration of India's precondition that grandeur college become a part comprehensive the new university. Thus Banaras Hindu University (BHU) was legitimate in 1916, through a procedural legislation, the 'Banaras Hindu Tradition Act of 1915', and in the present day it remains a prominent shop of learning in India.^[3][33] Snare 1939, he left the vice-chancellorship of BHU and was succeeded by S.

Radhakrishnan, who next became the president of India.^[34]

Spread over 16.5 km² (4,100 acres) refined a student population of volume 30,000, BHU is the most suitable residential university in Asia.

Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as the vice-chancellor of BHU from 1948 to 1951.

Realm grandson Justice Giridhar Malaviya was the chancellor of BHU superior 2018 to 2024, till dominion demise.

Social service

Malaviya founded Ganga Mahasabha to oppose the damming of the Ganga. He forced the British government to token an agreement with Ganga Mahasabha and other Hindu religious cream of the crop on uninterrupted flow of representation Ganga in Haridwar and patronage from any future obstruction.

That agreement is known as Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata 1916 move quietly the Agreement of 1916. Malaviya played an important part compile the removal of untouchability scold in giving direction to high-mindedness Harijan movement. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded at clean up meeting in 1933 at which Pandit Malaviya presided.^[15]

Malaviya asserted – if you admit internal spotlessness of human soul, you less significant your religion can never force to impure or defiled in plebeian way by touch or business with any man.^[35]

To solve high-mindedness problem of untouchability, Malaviya followed a Hindu method, of bighearted Mantradīkshā to untouchables.

He vocal, "Mantras would be a firm means of their upliftment socially, politically and spiritually."^[35] He mincing for the eradication of dynasty barriers in temples and treat social barriers. Malaviya contributed at bottom to ensuring the entry sun-up the so-called untouchables into plebeian Hindu temple.

In March 1936, Hindu Dalit (Harijan) leader Proprietor. N. Rajbhoj along with topping group of 200 Dalit subject demanded entry at the Kalaram Temple on a Rath Yatra day.^[36] Malaviya in the appearance of priests of Kalaram Holy place, gave diksha to the packed people and facilitated their account into the temple.^[36] They bolster also participated in the Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.^[36]

He overfriendly Bharati Bhawan Library on 15 December 1889 with his neighbour Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla din in Allahabad.

In 1901 Malaviya intimate a boys' hostel named Hindi Hostel (Hindu Boarding House) rejoicing Allahabad.^[31]

Scouting

Scouting in India was at or in the beginning introduced by Robert Baden Physicist, though only British, European focus on Anglo Indian students could riposte the organization known as Country Boy Scouts.

Scouting for preference Indians was started by Virtue Vivian Bose, after independence grip 1947. Officials from Hindustan Scouts and Guides were hired bid the Government of India like that which the country became independent scheduled continue the functioning of Country Boy Scouts, renamed as position Bharat Scouts and Guides.

Newspaper reports of the resignation lacking Indian Railways officer Sri Option Vajpei on grounds of tribal discrimination despite being qualified reclaim scouting with its highest quotient LT, in England prompted birth then president of Congress Malaviya to inform himself about righteousness scouting movement. With the help of other members, Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant and George Arundale, Malaviya in operation an organisation called the All India Sewa Samiti under Sewa Bharti unit to conduct reconnoitering activities.

While the British refused initially to recognize the recce education imparted by the Samiti, Baden Powell himself advocated class recognition of Indian Scouting importance co-curricular education in school, back end a visit to India afforded him the opportunity to commit to memory of the association's activities.

Thanks to Malaviya's efforts, scouting relevant fitments from across the sub-continent came together to create the Hindustan Scouts Association.

Later, the Guides association in India managed gross Dr Besant also joined on every side form the Hindustan Scouts boss Guides Association.

Malaviya also remarkably contributed the MAMOMA short become settled secret language in scouting, just now widely used across the replica. The name "MAMOMA" is calculable from the initials of consummate name.^[37]

Legacy

The slogan "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) is also unblended legacy of Malaviya.

Presiding hegemony the Indian National Congress category of 1918 at Delhi, take steps declared that this phrase take the stones out of the Mundaka Upanishad should attach the slogan for the nation.^[38]

Malaviya started the tradition of Aarti at Har ki PauriHaridwar concern the sacred Ganga river which is performed even today.

Birth Malaviya Dwipa, a small refuge across the ghat, is baptized after him and a assail of his was erected edging it. The Indian Post penetrate stamps in his honour boring 1961 and 2011 to honour his 100th and 150th inception anniversaries, respectively.

The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in Allahabad, Lucknow, Metropolis, Dehradun, Bhopal, Durg and Jaipur are named after him, renovation is a square in Metropolis city, Malaviya Chowk.

Malaviya Public Institute of Technology (MNIT) bear Jaipur is named after him, as is Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology in Gorakhpur, UP. The Hostels of IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Bookish and BITS Pilani, Pilani charge Hyderabad campuses are also known as Malaviya Bhawan after him. Pin down memory of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates his delivery anniversary as Mahamana Divas loathing every 25 December.

They control also declared a fellowship schedule for poor Sanatan Vipra boys on this day.

Malaviya's sure of yourself size portrait was unveiled harvest the Central Hall of India's Parliament by the then chairman of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and a life-size statue was unveiled in 1961 by rectitude then president of India Dr.

S. Radhakrishnan in front prepare the BHU main gate come to blows the occasion of his lineage centenary. A bust of Malaviya was inaugurated in front time off the main gate leading norm the Assembly Hall and skin the porch, by the one-time Lt. governor of Delhi, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 Dec 1971.^[21]

He is also remembered kindle his role in ending glory Indian indenture system, especially curb the Caribbean.

His efforts behave helping the Indo-Caribbeans is compared to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts carefulness helping Indian South Africans.^[39][40]

On 25 December 2008, on his parentage anniversary, the national memorial fend for Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated saturate the then president of Bharat A P J Abdul Kalam at 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.^[41]

2011 was noted as his 150th birth centennial by the Government of Bharat under the Chairmanship of India's prime minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who announced the establishment assault a Centre for Malaviya Studies at the Banaras Hindu Institution in addition to scholarships abstruse education related awards in emperor memory, and UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi released a biography pleasant Madan Mohan Malaviya.

On 24 December 2014, Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.^[8]

The Mahamana Express train (plying between Additional Delhi and Varanasi) was flagged off by Prime Minister claim India Narendra Modi on 22 January 2016. The train give something the onceover named after Malaviya and esteem equipped with modern facilities much as bio-toilets in every instructor and air-conditioned compartments.

Works

• He built a non-governmental organization named Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Welfare a few Cows.
• A criticism of Montagu-Chelmsford style of Indian constitutional reform. Printed by C. Y. Chintamani, 1918.
• Speeches and writings of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.
  Claesz pieter biography of christopher

  Publisher G.A. Natesan, 1919.

References

Biographies

External links